Supplement: Thousands of human mobile element fragments undergo strong purifying selection near developmental genes
نویسنده
چکیده
S1 pan-boreoeutherian mobile elements Mobile elements, as annotated by Repbase [1] and RepeatMasker [2], have a hierarchical naming convention where they are first broken down into classes, then families, and finally subfamilies. In the main text we define “pan-boreoeutherian” subfamilies to be the subfamilies that are present in primates (human, chimp, or rhesus), rodents (rat or mouse), and carnivores (dog). Having a presence in all three of the subtrees means that the mobile element subfamily either predated, or was alive at the time of the boreoeutherian ancestor. These were the only subfamilies used in our study since mobile elements would have to be this old to deposit conserved nonexonic elements (CNEs) that were present in the boreoeutherian ancestor. Figure S1 may aid in visualizing the location of the boreoeutherian ancestor in relation to sequenced extant species. All these pan-boreoeutherian subfamilies can be grouped at the family and class level to show which types of mobile elements are contributing the most (Table S1). LINEs and SINEs appear to be contributing the majority of the CNEs. This data set can also be shown at the subfamily level and in Table S2 we show the 50 subfamilies that have contributed the most CNEs in our survey. In Table S3 we show the top 50 subfamilies, ranked by how many CNEs they have contributed, in relation to their overall genomic abundance. These subfamilies tend to be older, since this allows for their neutral copies to have drifted far enough from the consensus to be unrecognizable in the extant species.
منابع مشابه
Thousands of human mobile element fragments undergo strong purifying selection near developmental genes.
At least 5% of the human genome predating the mammalian radiation is thought to have evolved under purifying selection, yet protein-coding and related untranslated exons occupy at most 2% of the genome. Thus, the majority of conserved and, by extension, functional sequence in the human genome seems to be nonexonic. Recent work has highlighted a handful of cases where mobile element insertions h...
متن کاملDistribution, diversity, evolution, and survival of Helitrons in the maize genome.
Homology and structure-based approaches were used to identify Helitrons in the genome of maize inbred B73. A total of 1,930 intact Helitrons from eight families (62 subfamilies) and >20,000 Helitron fragments were identified, accounting for approximately 2.2% of the B73 genome. Transposition of at least one of these families is ongoing, but the most prominent burst of amplification activity was...
متن کامل29 Mammalian Genomes Reveal Novel Exaptations of Mobile Elements for Likely Regulatory Functions in the Human Genome
Recent research supports the view that changes in gene regulation, as opposed to changes in the genes themselves, play a significant role in morphological evolution. Gene regulation is largely dependent on transcription factor binding sites. Researchers are now able to use the available 29 mammalian genomes to measure selective constraint at the level of binding sites. This detailed map of cons...
متن کاملA ricle Strong Constraint on Human Genes Escaping X-Inactivation Is Modulated by their Expression Level and Breadth in Both Sexes
In eutherian mammals, X-linked gene expression is normalized between XX females and XY males through the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). XCI results in silencing of transcription from one ChrX homolog per female cell. However, approximately 25% of human ChrX genes escape XCI to some extent and exhibit biallelic expression in females. The evolutionary basis of this phenomenon is not ...
متن کاملStrong Constraint on Human Genes Escaping X-Inactivation Is Modulated by their Expression Level and Breadth in Both Sexes
In eutherian mammals, X-linked gene expression is normalized between XX females and XY males through the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). XCI results in silencing of transcription from one ChrX homolog per female cell. However, approximately 25% of human ChrX genes escape XCI to some extent and exhibit biallelic expression in females. The evolutionary basis of this phenomenon is not ...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
دوره شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2007